知识点：《美式橄榄球规则》 收集：卢俸俅 编辑：杜鹃花妹子
本知识点包括：1、美式橄榄球的规则 2、美国橄榄球的得分规则是怎样的啊? 3、橄榄球到底有什么规则，看不懂怎么玩 4、美式足球有什么规则？ 5、美式橄榄球的基本战术 。
《美式橄榄球规则》相关知识
美式橄榄球由两支球队参加比赛,每支球队上场各11人.每场比赛有4节,每节15分钟.
美式橄榄球的场地以码数来计算.Yard即“码”,1码相当于1米不到.场地两端的“End zone”就是达阵区.在美式橄榄球中,“达阵”相当于足球中的“射门”,篮球中的“投篮”.两支球队都要保护自己的达阵区不被对方侵犯,也要尽力带球攻入对方的达阵区.达阵成功即得6分.达阵后还可以选择不同的形式再进攻,成功后就可获取1分或2分的附加分.
我们假设A,B两队参加比赛.A队的达阵区在左边,B队的达阵区在右边.比赛开始前,两支队伍猜硬币来决定哪支球队首先进攻.我们假设A队赢了猜硬币,成为进攻方.则由B队在其阵地（右边）30码处往A队达阵区（左边）开球.
"B队此时预测A队球员开球的落地位置进行防守.开球后会有三种可能性：
1．如果接着前面得假设,A队选择进攻,那么应该是B队踢球给A队队员接.A队队员接球后回冲向对方端区（也就是所说的达阵区）.如果被B队队员拦截（截杀）,那么被拦截的位置就是A队正式开始进攻的位置.
拦截成功的定义是：A队带球队员
A.身体除手和脚外其他的部位着地.
B.或者跑出界外.
C.或者虽然前两点都不成立,但是被对方防守队员抱住或者拦住,明显无法向前推进时.
C的情况比较少见.前2种情况是比较常见的拦截成功（截杀）的情形.但是有一点要注意：拦截并不是球落地,也并不需要.如果A队带球队员在带球中球落地了,这是一个掉球（fumble）,对方可以上来把球抢走导致攻防转换.
2．B队球员接到球后向A队达阵区进攻.此时攻防转换.当他被A队截杀进攻失败时球落地的那个点,就是B队正式进攻的地方.
3．开球如果球落地,比赛仍然继续进行,开球有效,双方谁抢到球就是谁的.
假设A队球员顺利接到球,并在对方阵地的30码处被B队球员截杀,A队球员从30码处开始向B队的达阵区进攻.进攻时,如果A队持球队员被B队防守队员摁倒在地,球触地；或者传球失误,球触地,进攻即告结束.
A队进攻方有4次进攻机会,4次进攻以内累计推进了10码以上（从一攻起始位置算起）.A队就可再获得4次进攻机会,以此类推,直到最后达阵.如果A队4次进攻后并没有推进10码,那么就在最后一次进攻被截杀的地方进行攻防转换,A队变为防守方,B队变为进攻方.比如如果一攻起始位置是B队30码,A队一攻前进到了B队22码,二攻推进到了B队18码,此时A队已经累计推进了12码,便可以重新获得4次进攻机会了.此时的一攻起始位置就是B队18码.
橄榄球规则最最基本的核心是4次进攻推进10码.这一次一次的机会,在英文中被称为down,所以我们可以说the first down(第一次进攻),the second down(第二次进攻),the third down(第三次进攻),the fourth down（第四次进攻）.
在橄榄球转播中,你经常可以听到这样的句子：
“1st and 10 on the 10 yard line”或者“3rd and 8 on the 32 yard line”.
1st 意思是第一次进攻,10意思就是还需要推进10码才能取得下一个四次进攻机会,10yard line就是10码线的意思.所以这句话整体意思就是“目前是进攻方的第一次进攻机会,进攻方站在10码线上往前推进,还需要推进10码才能取得下一个四次进攻机会.”
同样的,如果是“3rd and 8 on the 32 yard line”,那么这句话的意思就是“目前是进攻方的第三次进攻机会,进攻方站在32码线上往前推进,还需要推进8码才能取得下一个四次进攻机会.”
知识拓展：
1：美式足球介绍英文全英的,美式足球的特点.
知识要点归纳：
American Football is a tough contact sport that dominates the American sporting scene and is gaining popularity in Europe.It is a game requiring all-round physical fitness.Players have to be fast,strong,and proficient in the six basic skills of football:passing,catching,running,blocking,tackling,and kicking.American football has always been associated with a large number of injuries,not surprising when the game commonly involves players in excess of 240 pounds colliding with each other at full speed.In the United States,it is estimated that more than 300 000 high school players,35 000 college players,and half of the National Football League players are injured to some extent each season.Head and neck injuries are common:there are approximately 250 000 incidents of concussion each year.Some injuries have been fatal or have resulted in players becoming permanent quadriplegics.However,the number of very severe injuries has declined in recent years.This is probably due to rule changes concerning tackling and blocking with the head,and improvements in protective equipment which were introduced in 1976.There has also been a greater emphasis in training on strengthening the muscles of the neck and learning good tackling techniques.This is particularly important in the younger age group.
Protective clothing is an essential feature of modern football,but this makes the players vulnerable to heat stroke.One study reported 12 heat stroke deaths among college and high school football players over a three year period.The victims were all interior linemen,probably the players required to work hardest and longest; most were stricken during pre-season practice so they may have been in poor physical condition; all were dressed in full uniforms which increases workload and interferes with heat loss; and most were not permitted to drink water during practice.Clearly,it is essential that players and officials should be aware of the risk of heat stroke,and ensure that drinking water is available during practice and games.
2：【美式英语的发音规则美式英语的26个字母的发音规则,比如A发的三种音.分别在什么情况下发什么音.26个字母都要.望哪位能够详细的给小弟说明一下.感激不尽.我要美式的.不要英式.】
知识要点归纳：
a在开音节中 [ei] name plane Jane baby cake
在闭音节中 [æ] bag dad hat map black back
e 在开音节中 [i:] he these me Chinese
在闭音节中 [e] bed let pen desk yes egg
i 在开音节中 [ai] bike fly drive time nice kite
在闭音节中 fish big drink sit milk swim
o 在开音节中 [ou] those close go hoe home no
在闭音节中 [C] clock not box shop sock
u 在开音节中 [ju:] student excuse duty Tuesday
在闭音节中 [∧] bus cup jump much lunch
在开音节中,元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音,例如：June blue ruler super
二、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音
元音字母 读 音 例 词
a在[w]音后面 [C] want what watch wash quality
a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 [α:] after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father
i在-nd -ld和gh前 [ai] find child light high
o在-st -ld前 [ou] most postcard old cold
o在m n v th前 [∧] come monkey love mother
三、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
元音字母 读 音 例 词
a [E]E China another woman breakfast
orange comrade village cabbage
e [E] hundred student open weekend
chicken pocket begin children
i [E]/ holiday beautiful family animal
[ai] exercise satellite
o [E] second tonight somebody welcome
[Eu] also zero photo
u [E] autumn difficult
[ju:] popular congratulation January
动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,a读[ei]音,例如：operate
u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母j l r s后面时,读[u(:)]音,例如：July influence February issue
在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a e i 即可以读作[E]音,也可以读作音.
四、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组 读 音 例 词
arar在[w]音后面 [α:] car farm dark sharpener
[C:] warm quarter towards
oror在[w]音后面 [C:] forty morning short
[E:] word worker worse
er ir ur [E:] certainly bird Thursday
辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音.例如： carry sorry hurry
-r音节在非重读音节中通常读[E]音,例如：dollar teacher martyr forget Saturday
五、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组 读 音 例 词
are [εE] care dare hare
ere [iE] here mere
ire [aiE] fire hire wire
ore [C:] more score before
ure [juE] pure cure
are ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读[E]音,例如：picture pleasure
重读元音字母加Rr,再加非重读元字组时,重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母Rr读[r]音.例如：parent zero story during inspiring
某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象.例如：orange very American paragraph
六、元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组 读 音 例 词
ai/ay [ei] afraid rain wait day play
air [εE] air hair chair pair repair
alal在f m前 [C] small ball talk wall all
[C:l] always also salt almost
[α:] half calm
au/aw [C:] autumn daughter draw
ea [i:] teach easy cheap please
[e] heavy bread sweater weather
[ei] break great
ear [iE] hear dear near clear year
[εE] bear pear wear swear
[E:] earth learn early
ee [i:] jeep week green three
eer [iE] pioneer deer beer
ei/ey [ei] eight neighbour they
[i:] either key
eu/ew在j l r s后 [ju:] new few newspaper
[u:] flew brew jewelry
ie/ei[s]音之后 [i:] piece field receive
oa [ou] coat Joan boat goal
oar/oor [C:] roar board door floor
oi/oy [Ci] noise point boy toilet
oo [u:] broom food tooth school
book look cook foot good
ou/ow [au] flower house count down
[ou] know row throw though
[∧] young country enough
[u:] group you soup
our [C:] course your four
[auE] our hour ours
[E:] journey
ui在j l r s后 [ju:i] fluid suicide tuition
[u:] juice fruit suit
七、非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音
元音字组或字群 读 音 例 词
ai/ay ei/ey Sunday foreign monkey
ow [ou] yellow sparrow tomorrow
元音字组在非重读音节中读[E]音或.例如:neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee
-sion -tion [Fn] impression nation
-sion在元音字母后 [Vn] vision decision occasion
-tion在s后 [tFEn] question suggestion
-sten [sn] listen
-stle [sl] whistle
-sure [VE] pleasure measure
-ture [tFE] picture culture
八、元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音
复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读.例如： everyday[ei] handbag[æ] blackboard[C:]
有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成为一个词.其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音.例如： sun太阳 + day[ei]日子 ＞ Sunday 星期天 holy神圣 + day[ei]日子 ＞ holiday 假日 break中断 + fast[α:]斋戒 ＞ breakfast[E] 早餐 cup茶杯 + board木板[C:] ＞ cupboard[E] 碗柜
九、辅字组的读音
辅字组 读 音 例 词
b bike bus bag
[/] bomb tomb
cc在e前或在i/y前 [k] cake picture coat music
[s] face decide cinema
ch [tF] much chick rich teacher
[k] school headache chemistry
[F] machine
-ck [k] cock pocket black knock
d [d] doctor bread hand day
-dge [dV] bridge fridge
dr- [dr] children driver drink
f [f] five four breakfast
gg在e i/y前 [^] bag garden go
[dV] orange large German
gh [f] cough enough
[/] light daughter high
gu- -guegu在非重读音节中 [^] guess league dialogue
[^w] language anguish
h [h] hot head house hand
[/] hour honest
j [dV] jeep jar joke join July
k [k] kind bike skate make week
kn- [n] knife know knock
l [l] life milk school tall
m [m] monkey come autumn
-mn [m] autumn column solemn
nn在[k] [g]音前 [n] not shine ten note
[N] uncle thank hungry
-ng [N] morning young wrong
p [p] paper plane pig ship pen
ph [f] elephant photo telephone
q [k] Iraq
qu- [kw] quality quite
r [r] red rubber ruler
s在词首或清辅音前元音字母间或浊辅音前 [s] sit sleep desk
[z] music husband
sc- [sk] scarlet
[s] muscle science
sh [F] she fish shirt wash
t在通常情况下在弱读字母ia ie io前 [t] ten letter meet
[F] patient nation
tch [tF] watch
th在通常情况下在冠词 代词 介词 连词中在词尾-the -ther中 [θ] thin thirty method
[T] the these with than
[T] clothe fathe r weather
tr- [tr] tree train country truck
v [v] very voice love leave
w [w] week win wake sweet wait
[/] Answer two
wh-wh-在字母o前 [w] what when white why
[h] who whose whole
x在重读元音前 [ks] box text exercise
[gz] example exist exact
wr- [r] write
y- [j] yes yard yellow young
z [z] puzzle zero zoo
3：（19)---MustIparkmycarbehindthebuilding?----No,you____,You____parkithere.Amustn't;mayBmaynot;mustCdon'thaveto;mayDshouldn't;must
知识要点归纳：
C
主要是讲must疑问句的回答：肯定回答 Yes,you must.(是的,你必须）；否定回答 No,you needn't./ No,you don't have to.（不,你不必)
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