“蓝皮书”，“白皮书”，“红皮书”，“绿皮书”分别是什么意思？
一般而言，白皮书是官方提交的报告，绿皮书为学术界或半官方的立场，蓝皮书则主要体现民间的立场和观点。在国际上，一些政府、议会等公开发表的有关政治、外交、财政等重大问题的文件，因封面是白色，则称之为白皮书。当然，不同的国家习惯或文件的内容不同，有的也用其他的颜色作封面，有蓝皮书（如英国政府），红皮书（如西班牙政府）、黄皮书（如法国政府）、绿皮书（如意大利政府）等。使用白皮书和蓝皮书的国家最多，特别是白皮书已经成为国际上公认的正式官方文书。
白皮书，蓝皮书，绿皮书，红皮书，黄皮书分别是什么意思啊？
1、蓝皮书早期主要指英国议会的一种出版物，因封皮是蓝色，故名。后用于代指部分官方文件，通常代表的是学者的观点或者研究团队的学术观点。英国议会的出版物，开始发行于1681年，自1836年才公开出售。其名称是《英国议会文书》，是英国政府提交议会两院的一种外交资料和文件。2、绿皮书是政府就某一重要政策或议题而正式发表的咨询文件。起源于英美政府，因为报告书的封面是绿色，故称。 绿皮书被视为政府对国民征询意见的一种手段。在英联邦国家或曾被英国统治的地方（例如香港），政府在准备推行重要政策前通常会先发表绿皮书收集市民意见，经过修订后再发表白皮书作出最后公布。3、红皮书使用国家主要有西班牙、奥地利、英国、美国、土耳其、苏联等。有的用于官方文件，有的用于非官方文件。也可指关于危机警示的研究报告。4、白皮书政府或议会正式发表的以白色封面装帧的重要文件或报告书的别称。作为一种官方文件，代表政府立场，讲究事实清楚、立场明确、行文规范、文字简练，没有文学色彩。最初是因为书的封皮和正文所用的纸皆为白色而得名。白皮书已经成为国际上公认的正式官方文书。各国文件分别有其惯用的颜色，封面用白色的就是白皮书。5、黄皮书过去被泛指旧中国和法国等政府发表的重要报告书，因为习惯上使用黄色封皮，故有此名。19世纪末，法国有一本黄皮书，内容是有关法国与中国就修筑滇越铁路进行的交涉。参考资料来源：百度百科-蓝皮书参考资料来源：百度百科-白皮书参考资料来源：百度百科-绿皮书参考资料来源：百度百科-红皮书参考资料来源：百度百科-黄皮书
介绍澳大利亚主要城市的概况 英文的
Australia: An introduction
In land area, Australia is the sixth largest nation after Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America and Brazil. It has, however, a relatively small population.
Australia is the only nation to govern an entire continent and its outlying islands. The mainland is the largest island and the smallest, flattest continent on Earth. It lies between 10° and 39° South latitude.
The highest point on the mainland, Mount Kosciuszko, is only 2228 metres. Apart from Antarctica, Australia is the driest continent.
Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth. Its interior has one of the lowest rainfalls in the world and about three-quarters of the land is arid or semi-arid. Its fertile areas are well-watered, however, and these are used very effectively to help feed the world. Sheep and cattle graze in dry country, but care must be taken with the soil. Some grazing land became desert when the long cycles that influence rainfall in Australia turned to drought.
The Australian federation consists of six States and two Territories. Most inland borders follow lines of longitude and latitude. The largest State, Western Australia, is about the same size as Western Europe.
Natural environment
Australia has a remarkable diversity of life forms seen nowhere else in the world. Australian plants and animals evolved in isolation from other parts of the world. When the super-continent of Gondwanaland split up about 160 million years ago, Australia joined Antarctica and drifted towards the South Pole, where glaciers formed a barrier between it and other land masses.
Over the past 45 million years, Australia has moved away from Antarctica towards the equator and become warmer and more arid. About 35 million years ago, eucalypts began to displace the dense forests of the cool, damp Tertiary era.
Today Australian eucalypts account for more than half of all eucalypts found throughout the world.
The marsupials native to Australia have a different chromosome structure than mammals in other parts of the world. Typically, they suckle their young in a pouch.
Like the eucalypts, marsupials occupied a wide range of ecological niches in Australia. The first kangaroo marsupials seem to have appeared about 15 million years ago. They vary enormously in size and adaptation. A species of tropical kangaroo lives in trees, but most kangaroos are tough, efficient users of dry bush.
As the world climate warmed and glaciers melted, oceans gradually rose to their current level and the land bridges to New Guinea and Tasmania were cut. Corals colonised a flooded coastal plain, forming the Great Barrier Reef of Queensland.
Ancient plants still grow in the wild. Large 'Antarctic' tree ferns are common in damp, shaded gullies on the south sides of ridges. Cycad palms form an understorey to tall, silvery spotted gums (eucalypts) along the south-east coast. Rare relics from earlier geological eras are found in small, special habitats, such as desert canyons.
Pressure on native habitats from agriculture and introduced pests like the fox and rabbit have resulted in extinctions of some native species in the past 200 years. Australia now has a strong scientific and legal framework to deal with these issues. Australians care about their unique environment.
History
More than 60 000 years before the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples inhabited most areas of the Australian European settlement in 1788. However, there were an estimated 300 000 Indigenous Australians living on the continent.
Until recently, Western historians focused on early European contact with the Australian continent during the 16th and 17th centuries.
In recent years this approach has been balanced by the recognition that Asian and Oceanic explorers and traders had contact with Indigenous Australian people long before the European expansion into the eastern hemisphere.
After the American War of Independence, Britain looked to establish new penal settlements to replace the north Atlantic colonies. The First Fleet of 11 ships with 1500 aboard, half of them convicts, arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788. Sydney grew from that first British penal settlement.
Transportation of British convicts to New South Wales ceased in 1840, but continued to Western Australia until 1868. About 160 000 convicts arrived over 80 years. That compares with free settler arrivals as high as 50 000 a year.
During the 1850s, settlement was boosted by gold rushes. Scarcity of labour, the vastness of the bush, and new wealth based on farming, mining and trade all contributed to the development of uniquely Australian social institutions and sensibilities.
In 1901 the Australian colonies federated to become the Commonwealth of Australia. As in Canada, the British monarch remains the monarch of Australia, which is now an independent, democratic nation with a tradition of religious tolerance and free speech.
Immigration
Australia's culturally diverse society includes its Indigenous peoples and settlers from countries all around the world.
Immigration is an important feature of Australian society. Since 1945, over six million people from 200 countries have come to Australia as new settlers. Migrants have made a major contribution to shaping modern Australia. People born overseas make up almost one quarter of the total population.
The federal government sets immigration intake numbers on a yearly basis. Australia's immigration policies are non-discriminatory and all applicants to migrate must meet the same selection criteria.
Area and population of Australian States and Territories
State/Territory
Area in square kilometres
(mainland only)
Population *
State/Terr.
Capital
Queensland
1 723 936
3.64m
Brisbane (1.65m)
New South Wales
800 628
6.61m
Sydney (4.15m)
Australian Capital Territory (Jervis Bay Territory)
2 358
(72)
0.32m
Canberra (0.32m)
Victoria
227 010
4.82m
Melbourne (3.49m)
Tasmania
64 519
0.47m
Hobart (0.20m)
South Australia
978 810
1.51m
Adelaide (1.11m)
Western Australia
2 526 786
1.90m
Perth
(1.38m)
Northern Territory
1 335 742
0.20m
Darwin (0.11m)
AUSTRALIA
7 659 861
19.47m
12.41m
Sources: area—Auslig; population—Australian Bureau of Statistics
* Estimated resident population as at 30 June 2001.
Economy
Australia has had one of the most outstanding economies of the world in recent years. As a high-growth, low-inflation, low interest rate economy, it is more vibrant than ever before. There is an efficient government sector, a flexible labour market and a very competitive business sector.
With its abundant physical resources, Australia has enjoyed a high standard of living since the nineteenth century. It has made a comparatively large investment in social infrastructure, including education, training, health and transport.
The Australian workforce has seen many improvements over the last decade, leading to the surge in productivity in the 1990s. The complex and centralised award based industrial relations system has given way to a more decentralised one with many employees working under workplace agreements tailored to meet enterprise needs.
社科院表示“十四五”时期大盘冲5000点，大家如何看待呢？
前几天社科院发布2021年《经济蓝皮书》，在书中多次提及股票市场，对A股市场做出预测，书中预测A股在“十四五”时期A股冲5000点，同时还表示A股是具有长期投资的必然性。对于社科院的这种观点我个人是非常认可的，我也敢相信A股在未来五年时间，会冲5000点，6000点，甚至会创A股历史新高。我只能这样说，A股之前涨上过5000点，上过6000点，后面几年A股再度冲5000点并不是什么奇怪的事，而且是一种志在必得的走势。要知道社科院给大家画的这个饼是五年时间，也就是从2021年～2025年，未来五年的时间A股只要迎来一波牛市，上冲5000点或者6000点都是非常轻松的，所以这就是我个人认同社科院观点的真正原因。根据当前A股所处的阶段性位置，我个人认为A股上冲5000点根本不用五年时间，最快是2021年，最慢在2022年A股一定会冲上5000点的。至于A股是明年冲5000点还是后年冲5000点，这个要取决两大因素：第一，根据政策力度；第二，本轮牛市是慢牛还是快牛。假如明年政策支持A股以大涨的形式走慢牛，2021年A股肯定会上5000点，反之如果政策支持本轮牛市走慢牛的话，A股想要上5000点恐怕是要推迟一年时间，总之不管A股走什么牛，只要A股有牛市，在未来五年之内，大盘都会冲5000点，社科院的观点都是正确的。现在的A股已经在走牛其实A股本轮牛市已经在启动之中，只是目前还处于牛市底部，已经运行在牛市底部末期了，牛市底部即将构成。一旦牛市底部构成之后，大盘会出现一波中级调整，等大盘中级调整之后，A股就会真正地进入牛市中期。当A股进入牛市中期走势，牛市会越来越明显，赚钱效应会越来越高的，到那个时候真正的牛市就会加速启动。本轮A股牛市一定会冲5000点本轮A股牛市肯定是一轮大牛市，很大概率会创历史新高，而且本轮牛市的低点已经确定，牛市的起点是2440点。2440点是本轮牛市的起点，按照A股前两轮的牛市涨幅来推测，一轮牛市按照涨幅高达3倍，大盘指数已经高达7000多点了。最典型就是当前A股还处于牛市底部，大盘指数已经涨到3465点，距离5000点只有1000多个点，一轮牛市涨幅难道只涨1000多点吗？所以按此进行推测，本轮A股一定会涨到5000点以上。汇总分析根据社科院预测的观点，结合当前的A股市场走势，以及历史牛市特征等多方面分析得知，社科院的观点是赞同的，而且A股肯定也会实现的。按照当前的A股进行预测，我个人要比社科院的预测更乐观，认为未来2年之内A股一定会冲过5000点，拭目以待。
再过五年大盘有可能达到6000点吗？
其实这是个很难回答的问题，也无法准确预判的问题，而且非要加上一个“5年”时期的限制的话，就更无人敢断言可到了。如果回答的人说“能”，说明该投资者十分看好中国的经济成长及上市公司的业绩增长，是一种“有信心”的回答；回答说“不确定的”，表明该投资者比较保守，是考虑到了各种复杂的国际国内因素对股市的影响；而回答“肯定不能的”，则相对比较悲观，对中国股市和中国经济都比较悲观。但事实上，我国股市确实是达到过6000点位置，在6000点之前的3000点、4000点，甚至5000点，谁都没有预料到真的到了6124点这个十多年没有到过的位置，而且这还是发生在2007年！而自从去年的金融危机以来，我国经济在遭受重大冲击的情况下，政府采取积极应对措施，不断走出了危机的负面影响，逐渐出现了复苏和反转的苗头，如果大多数发达国家也能从危机中复苏，从而走上正常发展的轨道，那么也许不要5年，6000点还会回来。所以，股市是经济的晴雨表，也是信心铸就的。另外，指数的编制也有被“注水的”的可能，例如，多发行超级大盘股，这些大盘蓝筹股进入上证指数后，会不断抬高指数的基准点位。所以将来的6000点，在某种程度上不是07点的6000点。
