求一篇 英语的资料
低收费政策能改善教育公平和社会福利吗?
——兼论高等教育不同收费政策的效应
查显友/丁守海
《原载》清华大学教育研究2006年第1期
「英文标题」Can Low-Tuition Policy Improve Education Fairness and Social Welfare?
「作者简介」查显友/丁守海,中国人民大学经济学院,北京100872
查显友,中国人民大学经济学院副研究员;
丁守海,安徽全椒人,中国人民大学经济学院博士生。
「内容提要」本文探讨不同收费政策对教育公平和社会福利的影响。一直以来,理论界认为提高缴费标准,会损害教育公平和社会福利。本文运用统计原理,分析了高等教育缴费标准与失学概率间的理论关系,并指出低收费政策和高收费政策,对于改善教育公平的比较效应,是随不同情况而改变的。进一步的实证分析表明,在当前贫富悬殊较为严重的情况下,低收费政策并不能明显改善低收入阶层的教育机会和社会福利,相反,高收费高资助政策的效应要更加显著。
「英文摘要」This is a comparative study of the effects of different tuitionpolicies on education fairness and social welfare.A traditional,theoretical viewsupposes that raising tuition will contradict the above aims.The article firstdiscusses the theoretical relationships between higher education tuition and dropoutprobability.It concludes that depending on the circumstances ,the same tuitionlevel may bring different effects on educational fairness.The article then presentsan empirical analysis :when there is significant income gaps,low-tuition policyalone can not effectively improve educational access and social welfare for thedisadvantaged groups;on the contrary,high-tuition policy may have better effectivenessand efficiency.It is hoped that these findings may inform policy-making of highereducation pricing in China.
「关键词」高等教育/收费政策/公平性/福利
higher education/tuition policy/educational fairness/social welfare
三、结论性评语
一直以来,人们担心提高高等教育的缴费标准会导致低收入阶层负担加重,并损害教育公平性和社会福利。然而本文的分析表明,当前适当提高高校的收费水平并不会导致这种结果。本文的结论是:1.在居民收入和财富呈正态分布的情况下,居民对高等教育的负担能力也会呈正态分布。这样,随着缴费标准的提高,高等教育的失学概率会呈S 型变动趋势。如果高等教育支出远高于或远低于居民负担能力的均值,那么实行低收费政策就不能明显改善教育公平性,相反,高收费高资助政策的效应要更明显。如果贫富悬殊导致居民负担能力差异很大,那么上述S 型变动趋势和不同政策的比较效应就会更加显著。
2.由于民间储蓄充裕,从整体上讲,我国居民对高等教育的负担能力较强,与这种负担能力的均值相比,高等教育支出还处于较低水平阶段。然而,这并不代表每个家庭都有这样的负担能力,相反,较为严重的贫富悬殊导致不同家庭的负担能力存在巨大差异。所以,依据前述的理论分析,当前实施低收费并不能显著增加贫困阶层的教育机会。究其原因,在贫富悬殊的社会结构下,低收入阶层不仅会出现对高等教育负担能力的相对不足,还会出现绝对不足,即对低收费政策缺乏反应弹性。
3.与低收费政策相比,高收费高资助政策不仅能够明显改善教育公平性,而且提高了教育资源的供给总量,所以其福利效应更加显著。
4.对私人而言,高等教育是一种投资行为,其回报率远高于社会平均水平。进一步的研究表明,在我国,高等教育收益主要被内化为私人收益。在这种情况下,适当提高高校的收费标准,符合成本分担中谁受益谁付费的原则。
5.本文没有具体研究在提高高校缴费标准时,如何通过资助制度的设计和推行来改善贫困阶层的教育机会。这可成为下一步的研究内容。
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学习语法怎么能在三个月里恶补语法.非行
牛津版一般词汇量要求比较高,侧重于应用。内地的版本一般侧重于语法。
你说你想恶补英语,我想知道你是什么身份?是大学生还是已经参加工作?英语底子如何?朗文的教材学到了什么年级什么层次?音标如何?语法如何?恶补英语是出于什么目的?需要搞清楚这些之后我们才能给你中肯的建议。
[create_time]2017-07-27 12:57:54[/create_time]2017-07-25 16:15:23[finished_time]1[reply_count]0[alue_good]au...b@163.com[uname]https://himg.bdimg.com/sys/portrait/item/wise.1.932b6856.XiZpktNGrR7NoXlpx9hPBA.jpg?time=2652&tieba_portrait_time=2652[avatar]TA获得超过218个赞[slogan]这个人很懒,什么都没留下![intro]53[view_count]
100分求一篇英语资料
Marketing Tools Battle Budding for Mobile Phones
By Gene J. Koprowski
E-Commerce Times
05/18/06 5:00 AM PT
More than 700 million people worldwide today are using cell phone-based instant messaging and SMS services. "IM has become accepted throughout the business world," said Adam Leiter, a spokesperson for OZ Communications, an IM software developer. "And with e-mail that doesn't push, using your cell phone for e-mail is more user-friendly than ever."
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Which mobile marketing technology is most effective? Is it short message service (SMS), or instant dialing? Evidence is now emerging that can help advertising agencies -- and brand marketers -- determine which direct marketing technology is best for persuading consumers.
It may be too early to tell whether SMS or IM will win consumers' and marketers' hearts, but I am willing to agree that we're starting to get a picture of the emerging marketplace.
A new study released last week by Mediamark Research Inc. (MRI) and Zoove Corp. has plenty of details that will be shaping strategy for mobile marketers for years to come.
The study -- recently conducted in 18 locations across 15 states -- tests the public's awareness of mobile marketing campaigns using different response technologies, like SMS short codes and Zoove's "StarStar Dialing."
Dial Now
So-called "StarStar Dialing" enables consumers to directly access information on the products and services they want via any mobile phone by simply dialing "**" and a code unique to the products and services, without activating a text or wireless Internet application.
This study -- and this is somewhat intuitive -- has found that mobile phone users find "StarStar" calling to be a simpler, easier tool than SMS text-to-number Short Codes. "Participants clearly prefer the calling technique," according to an executive summary of the product, provided to the E-Commerce Times.
Here's how the study was conducted. Working with their own mobile phones, respondents were asked to respond to print, radio and television advertising promotion requests using SMS short codes. That is somewhat challenging for mobile phone users, because it requires them to remember a numeric string while on the go. Fewer than half of the respondents could successfully complete the SMS short code task using their own phone, the study showed.
Overall, 47 percent were able to do so, with print enjoying the most success, at 45.2 percent, and radio the least, at 42.1 percent.
Complex Task
Given the complexity of the task, it's not surprising that the print ads enjoy the highest success rate -- print provides a handy, permanent reference.
To test the "StarStar" call technology, consumers were given a new mobile phone enabled with the service. After familiarizing themselves with the phone, respondents were asked to respond to a series of print, radio and television promotions using the protocol.
Most interestingly, 90.8 percent of participants, using a new mobile phone to test a new function, successfully responded using the call number -- nearly double the incidence of the SMS users.
The survey showed that younger consumers are likely to be more familiar with the functionality of their mobile phone, and what is familiar tends to be preferred. The majority of those surveyed preferred the "StarStar" technology for responding to ads.
With zip-to-area code matching, local information can be sent to "StarStar" call users, Derek Brookmeyer, a spokesperson for Zoove, tells the E-Commerce Times. Respondent zip code and area code replies were compared with three zip code and area code databases. "Where there was agreement between the respondent information and the information in any of the databases it was considered a match. If there was no agreement with any of the databases it did not match," he said.
Early Stage
Now, let's not forget that this is early stage information. No one is using the "StarStar" technology in a big way commercially just yet. We're at the testing stage of the technology.
I would give SMS and IM a good chance to get their act together and compete with this new technology, even though the market research, probably correctly, indicates this will be a major challenge.
Why is that? Well, simply put, more than 700 million people worldwide today are using cell phone-based instant messaging and SMS services. "IM has become accepted throughout the business world," said Adam Leiter, a spokesperson for OZ Communications, an IM software developer. "And with e-mail that doesn't push, using your cell phone for e-mail is more user-friendly than ever."
All of these technologies are just now starting to be used for marketing. I've heard that there are SMS technologies being used in shopping malls to message consumers, who happen to be carrying a phone, equipped to handle the data, that there is a special on right now, and that if they come to the store, they can save money. We all have heard about spam instant messaging for mobile phones, or spim, that is non-targeted, junk e-mail of the mobile phone market. I guess there will be criminals who take to this market too, like they have to e-mail.
"Cyber criminals create business disruption and personal threats throughout the world," said Ron O'Brien, senior security analyst at Sophos, the IT security experts. "In general there has been a sharp rise in cyber criminals being caught, primarily due to tougher laws and more effective security solutions."
Let's give these technologies a few years to shake out,though. It will be quite compelling to watch as direct marketing targets our mobile phones, like they target our PCs presently. Dealing with the unsavory elements may just be part of the cost of doing business.
[create_time]2009-01-03 11:45:38[/create_time]2012-03-28 22:43:33[finished_time]1[reply_count]0[alue_good]孙凌刚[uname]https://himg.bdimg.com/sys/portrait/item/wise.1.49c14624.9JagSYMQDaglCGP4uuOJ-A.jpg?time=2955&tieba_portrait_time=2955[avatar]TA获得超过2.7万个赞[slogan]这个人很懒,什么都没留下![intro]1054[view_count]
星火英语MP3下载
六级星火词汇MP3
点击下载
http://www.pass-e.com/article.php?articleid=980
参考资料:http://www.pass-e.com/article.php?articleid=980
5月19日 13:57 www.btchina.net
可以到这里搜索一下
[create_time]2021-02-17 20:29:33[/create_time]2007-03-03 18:03:51[finished_time]1[reply_count]2[alue_good]百度网友7339a3602[uname]https://himg.bdimg.com/sys/portrait/item/wise.1.9b0cf97e.V7ZTw1jAtsVRfs0myD4u8Q.jpg?time=2830&tieba_portrait_time=2830[avatar]TA获得超过974个赞[slogan]这个人很懒,什么都没留下![intro]3252[view_count]
星火英语听力3500怎么下载
这本书的听力在星火网站上有,是免费下载的。你可以登录星火网站>>资源中心>>中学英语>>高中英语——点击more,直接选择下载即可。
注意的是:资源是免费下载的,但是需要注册星火会员,注册也是免费的,花不了几分钟。
详细地址:
http://www.sparke.cn/MediaDown/mediacgry_more.aspx?fcid=520&scid=522
[create_time]2021-02-01 07:10:24[/create_time]2020-07-27 04:09:11[finished_time]2[reply_count]5[alue_good]隋德寿翟蕙[uname]https://himg.bdimg.com/sys/portrait/item/wise.1.84b75a04.feZ6j0MvrDpBDHSL3cZPeA.jpg?time=10587&tieba_portrait_time=10587[avatar]TA获得超过3.5万个赞[slogan]这个人很懒,什么都没留下![intro]177[view_count]
在哪里能下载一些英语听力啊?要是MP3格式啊大神们帮帮忙
1. http://www.pass-e.com/sort.php?sortid=8( 真题网) 2. http://www.52en.com/whbm/grammar/index.htm( 我爱英语网) 3. http://www.nutshellsoft.com/english/cet4/index.htm( 英语精华网) 4. http://lz.qjjj.net/Article/czyy/ ... 20051130195428.html(清剑精品资料) 5. http://www.meno.com.cn/engexam/CET/Index.html( 美诺学习网) 6. http://www.hjenglish.com/doc/enlisten/511_1017.htm (大学英语四级考试听力MP3 100篇)1 http://www.speak2me.cn/main/home ... 094ca5cd5c89fbf4a9b (免费学英语口语听力,大量免费课程) 2. http://www.ywhc.net/article/Index.asp( 英文荟萃)(内含口语8000句) 3.英语听力资源汇总 http://www.hjenglish.com/subject/data/enlisten.htm 4. http://www.hjenglish.com/doc/enlisten/511_1016.htm( 英语听力mp3下载) 5. http://www.4english.cn/( 英语之声) 6. http://www.52en.com/tl/( 英语听力特区) 7. http://www.putclub.com/( 普特英语听力) 在线外语电台: 1. http://www.yyksw.com/index1.html(VOA、BBC 等及外语电视台在线收看) 2. http://www.mornstars.com/(BBC1-7、 美国CNN) 3. http://www.unsv.com/( 英语学习频道) 4. http://www.52en.com/tl/ 5.4. http://mwww.tingroom.com/flash/( VOA特别英语、 VOA标准英语及英语电台) 8. http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/dmtjx/english/dxyyjd.htm( 大学英语精渎听力下载) 如果想考级 四级的网站 www.CET4.com ,上面有很多 www.hjenglish.com 这个也有真题和听力 http://www.hjenglish.com/doc/enlisten/511_1017.htm (大学英语四级考试听力MP3 100篇),希望你能学得轻松愉快。采纳哦
[create_time]2014-04-30 10:53:14[/create_time]2014-05-02 11:15:35[finished_time]2[reply_count]0[alue_good]联成对佳联754[uname]https://himg.bdimg.com/sys/portrait/item/wise.1.656991b8.flqxpIidVz4GdMDwQvT3ag.jpg?time=3638&tieba_portrait_time=3638[avatar]TA获得超过684个赞[slogan]这个人很懒,什么都没留下![intro]58[view_count]
想用MP3学英语在哪里可以下载到资料?谢谢求大神帮助
1.nbsp;http://www.mpfree.org/english/englishmain.htmnbsp;有大量的MP3格式的英语学习资料(如VOA、新概念英语),nbsp;是一个很不错的网站。nbsp;2.nbsp;http://www.hongen.com/eng/data/sound/index.htmnbsp;洪恩英语学习中心的下载中心,有丰富的声音资料下载,(在听力频道里面)且绝大多数为MP3格式的,且下载速度很快,非常不错。且洪恩英语学习中心的所有英语材料都是在线有声试听的(不过是FLASH嵌入式的)3.nbsp;http://www.kaoyan.com/fuxi/english/200109/1534.htmnbsp;疯狂英语(Crazynbsp;English)1996-2000年精选辑全部为MP3格式。4.nbsp;http://eduneman.at.china.com/mp3repeater/nbsp;有几段作为复读机测试材料的MP3格式的VOA材料。5.nbsp;http://www.cug.edu.cn/xywh/engstudy/junior_listening.htmnbsp;关于VOA的丰富的MP3格式听力材料。6.nbsp;http://www.cug.edu.cn/xywh/engstudy/junior_listening.htmnbsp;LISTENnbsp;TOnbsp;THIS中级听力的所有MP3格式的英语听力材料。(以上三个都是中国地质大学里面的资料,其中还有大学英语精读,新概念英语,许国璋英语,英语高级听力,等很多MP3格式的英语有声材料可供下载,不过速度很慢)nbsp;7.nbsp;http://wuyibei.at.china.com/rjfl/qita/jiaoxuerj/ly.htmnbsp;李阳疯狂英语口语和听力四本书nbsp;MP3nbsp;下载。8.nbsp;http://go7.163.com/advancededu/neworientallistenmp3.htmnbsp;一页提供英文学习材料的MP3网页。9.nbsp;http://dbcool.home.sohu.com/ew50.htmnbsp;英语现代文背诵50篇。全部为MP3格式的。10.nbsp;http://www.cug.edu.cn/oldweb/fun/music/newconcept.htmnbsp;新概念英语磁带MP3格式下载。nbsp;(速度不快)nbsp;RMnbsp;格式的学习资料nbsp;本网站只提供下载链接:nbsp;1.http://www.listeningexpress.com/nbsp;有很多VOA和关于慢速英语学习材料,是一个英语材料比较多的网站,内容很丰富。2.http://medweb.533.net/Estudy.htmnbsp;有大量RM格式的英语讲座。3.http://www.englishabc.com/nbsp;网络时代为我们提供各类媒体的信息,充分利用起来学英语不失为好方法。此网站通过网络提供各种体裁的英语听力材料(MP3和网上收听),这个网站的语音频道有不错的英语在线有声教程。(均为RM,格式)此网站似乎提到了MP3格式的英语材料可是浏览中并未发现。4.http://www.crazyenglish.org/dwncenter.aspnbsp;疯狂英语的语音下载中心,有许多很不错的关于疯狂英语和钟道隆的逆向英语的有声材料(RM格式)5.http://www.englishlover.net/nbsp;在其在线听力里面有部分对话(RM格式)。6.http://zflyingbird.myetang.com/index.htmnbsp;有许多在线听的英文资料,(关于SPnbsp;ENGLISH和逆向英语等)其下载方法详见其主页上一段说明。7.http://www.cctv.com/life/hopeeng/2001NO37/lookworld.htmlnbsp;中央电视台英文网站办的英文学习期刊,其每一期都只有一篇文章且是可以下载RM格式的有声原文朗读的(其下载格式为ZIP,不过开包后即是RM格式,已下载检验之)8.http://www.beelink.com.cn/edu/eng/ear/ear.htmnbsp;百灵英语城堡的听力口语频道,有大量的英语听力材料,大部分是RM格式的。nbsp;不过其中也有几段MP3格式的可供下载。nbsp;总体不错,听力材料种类齐全。9.http://www.cycnet.com/englishc 查看原帖>>满意请采纳
[create_time]2014-04-30 20:10:14[/create_time]2014-05-02 21:40:38[finished_time]2[reply_count]1[alue_good]曾凝绿[uname]https://himg.bdimg.com/sys/portrait/item/wise.1.72ea89b1.0y1cbGM-vmpjEDTYQvnuVA.jpg?time=3349&tieba_portrait_time=3349[avatar]超过91用户采纳过TA的回答[slogan]这个人很懒,什么都没留下![intro]188[view_count]
如果你在北极,你要做什么你要怎样保暖,的英语作文?
The Eskimos live in the north of North America , not far from the Arctic , and the climate is very cold . Eskimo is raw meat eater in Indian . Here , cold-resistant deer herds live , and Lianlu is the main hunting target of the Eskimos . The Eskimos also hunted seaks and sailed into the sea to catch whales . The clothes worn by the Eskimos are sewn from buckskin , which is very warm . Most Eskimos live in wooden houses , and the temperature in the room is not high . There is another kind of house , called lgloo , whose walls and roofs are made up of ice blocks . After pouring water , the ice blocks will be integrated into one after a while . It is said that this igloi is still strong and has good warmth .
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北极英语作文 7句话
北极熊陷绝境:悲剧不仅是自相残杀 Polar bears straits:the tragedy is not only kill each other 饥肠辘辘的北极熊不得已同类相食. Starving polar bears turn to cannibalism. 最近拍摄到的照片显示,由于全球变暖导致猎食地消失,北极熊开始捕食同类. New pictures show that polar bears are beginning to cannibalise each other as global warming destroys its hunting grounds. 北极熊通常在浮冰上抓捕海豹作为食物.但由于全球变暖,浮冰融化,在海上猎食也越来越困难,北极熊的捕猎场所也不得不转移到陆地上. Polarbears usually subsist on seals,which they hunt from a platform of seaice.But the melting of sea ice as a result of rising globaltemperatures has made it more difficult for polar bears to hunt sealsat sea,confining the bears to land. 有更多的北极熊淹死在海里,因为它们被迫游向更远的海域去寻找食物. Drowning is also more common as bears are forced to swim further out to sea to find food. 这些照片进一步证实了越来越多处于绝境之中的北极熊,为了生存,开始捕杀自己的同伴.科学家们称本年度内已经发生八起这样的事件. Theimages add to the evidence that polar bears are increasingly huntingeach other for food in their desperation to survive.Scientists say theyare aware of eight cases so far this year. 美国地质调查局和世界自然保护联盟近日分析指出,在接下来的五十年内,由于全球变暖,极地浮冰融化,世界上仅存的20000到25000只北极熊还将减少三分之二. Recentanalysis by the US Geological Survey and World Conservation Union foundthat two-thirds of the 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears in the world couldbe lost in the next 50 years as warming temperatures melt the ice. 失去浮冰栖息地,北极熊将无法长期生存下去.其他威胁,包括原油和天然气钻探、海运及有毒物质污染,与气候剧变和浮冰融化相比都不值一提. Withoutthe sea ice habitat,the polar bear will not survive in the long term.There are other threats,such as oil and gas drilling,shipping andtoxins,but th ey pale in comparison to climate change and the loss ofthe sea ice
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